Le Corbusier's Philosophy between the Dialectic of Functionalism and Expressionism: A Case Study of Le Corbusier's Works Included in the World Heritage List | فلسفة لوكوربوزيه بين جدلية الوظيفية والتعبيرية: دراسة حالة لأعمال لوكوربوزييه المدرجة فى قائمة التراث العالمي

The research deals with the architectural philosophy and ideas of Le Corbusier that appeared in his works in the twentieth century, as his production represents a fundamental and important stage in the development of modern architecture in France and Europe. His intellectual theses and architectural works were considered clear examples of modern architectural thought. Given that some of Le Corbusier's works worldwide have been included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage under the title "Le Corbusier's Architectural Masterpieces", the researcher chose to display and analyze the architectural works included in the World Heritage List in terms of Le Corbusier's functional philosophy and the extent of expressionism in these works through identifying the metaphorical contents contained in these works in terms of thought and symbolism. The research aims to trace the development The intellectual foundation of Le Corbusier's philosophy and to identify the extent of the possibility of benefiting from this philosophy in contemporary architecture. The research adopts the strategy of the analytical approach to the selected works of the architect in an attempt to identify the development of functional and expressive thought in his works in the period from the twenties of the twentieth century until his death. Le Corbusier was not only a functionalist, but he also used expressive tools in the architectural formation of his buildings in order to clarify and convey his ideas in his architectural works. These ideas appeared through the inclusion of metaphorical meanings in his buildings in two stages. The first stage: It is the avant-garde stage in Le Corbusier’s life and the fascination with the Age of Gods. It was characterized by the inclusion of "Visual tangible metaphorical meanings" from some parts of the machine such as the ship or the plane, such as the Villa Savoy. As for the second stage: It is the most mature and developed stage in Le Corbusier's thought, which witnessed abstract and complex metaphorical contents such as the Notre Dame Ronchamp Church, and also witnessed the emergence of visual metaphorical meanings such as the housing unit in France.
 
 
ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻠﺴــﻔﺔ وأﻓﻜﺎر ﻟﻮﻛﻮرﺑﻮزييه اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ظﮭﺮت ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎله ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸــﺮﯾﻦ،  ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻧﺘﺎجه ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ أﺳــﺎﺳــﯿﺔ وﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮر  ﻋﻤـﺎرة اﻟﺤـﺪاﺛـﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴــــﺎ واوروﺑـﺎ واﻋﺘﺒﺮت أطﺮوﺣـﺎته اﻟﻔﻜﺮيه وأﻋﻤـﺎله اﻟﻤﻌﻤـﺎرﯾـﺔ ﺑﻤﺜـﺎﺑـﺔ أﻣﺜﻠـﺔ واﺿــــﺤـﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻤـﺎري اﻟﺤـﺪاﺛﻲ،  وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﻤـﺎل  ﻟﻮﻛﻮرﺑﻮزييه ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ادراﺟﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاث اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﯿﻮﻧﺴـﻜﻮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان "ﺗﺤﻒ ﻟﻮﻛﻮرﺑﻮزييه اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ"،  ﻓﻘﺪ اﺧﺘﺎر اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ أن ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﺮض وﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﻷﻋﻤـﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻤـﺎرى اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻰ ﻗـﺎﺋﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاث اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻤﻲ وذﻟـﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿـﺚ اﻟﻔﻠﺴــــﻔـﺔ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿـﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮرﺑﻮزييه وﻣـﺪى ظﮭﻮر اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮﯾـﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻠـﻚ اﻷﻋﻤـﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻀـﺎﻣﯿﻦ اﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ اﺣﺘﻮﺗﮭﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ واﻟﺮﻣﺰﯾﺔ. ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻔﻜﺮي ﻟﻔﻠﺴـﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻮرﺑﻮزييه ﻟﺘﺄﺻـﯿﻠﮭﺎ  وﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻻﺳـــﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﻠﺴـــﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻـــﺮة. ﯾﻨﺘﮭﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ أﺳـــﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﮭﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرة ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﺎرى ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ  ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ واﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮى ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎله ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸــﺮﯾﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸــﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ وﻓﺎته. إن ﻟﻮﻛﻮرﺑﻮزييه ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ وظﯿﻔﯿﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ، ولكنه اﺳــﺘﺨﺪم  أﯾﻀـــﺎ أدوات ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺸـــﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرى ﻟﻤﺒﺎنيه وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺿـــﯿﺢ وإﯾﺼـــﺎل أﻓﻜﺎره ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎله اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ،  وﻗﺪ ظﮭﺮت ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻀـــﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎن اﺳـﺘﻌﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎنيه وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﯿﻦ، اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ: وھﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﯿﺎة ﻟﻮﻛﻮرﺑﻮزييه واﻻﻧﺒﮭﺎر ﺑﻌﺼـﺮ اﻵلهه،  وﺗﻤﯿﺰت ﺑﺘﻀـﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎن اﺳـﺘﻌﺎرﯾﺔ  ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳـﺔ ﺑﺼـﺮﯾﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ أﺟﺰاء اﻵﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴـﻔﯿﻨﺔ أو اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة، ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﯿﻼ ﺳـﺎﻓﻮى. أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ: وھﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻀـﺠﺎ وﺗﻄﻮرا ﻓﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻟﻮﻛﻮرﺑﻮزييه واﻟﺘﻰ ﺷﮭﺪت ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺪﯾﺔ وﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻨﯿﺴﺔ ﻧﻮﺗﺮدام روﻧﺸﺎﻣﺐ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﮭﺪت ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ظﮭﻮر ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺼﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﻔﺮﻧﺴﺎ.